Class 10th Answer key of WORKSHEET - 01

Author - APEX RESEARCH CENTRE
September 12, 2025
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 You want detailed answers exactly as per CBSE marking scheme (stepwise points, value-based keywords, correct length for 2m/3m/5m questions).

Here’s how I’ll structure it:

  • 2 marks = 2 key points (1 mark each)

  • 3 marks = 3 well-explained points (1 mark each)

  • 5 marks = 5 points, or 3+2 split with examples (as CBSE usually does)


📘 Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Q1. Explain the role of the French Revolution (1789) in shaping the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity in Europe. (5 Marks)
Answer (Marking Scheme):

  1. French Revolution introduced the concept of nation-state where sovereignty rested with people (1 mark).

  2. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed equal rights, liberty, and fraternity (1 mark).

  3. Abolition of feudal privileges, serfdom, and guild restrictions (1 mark).

  4. Inspired nationalist movements across Europe, especially in Italy, Germany, Poland (1 mark).

  5. French armies carried revolutionary ideals to other countries (1 mark).

Q2. Describe the Napoleonic Code of 1804 and explain how it spread the spirit of nationalism in Europe. (5 Marks)
Answer (Marking Scheme):

  1. Abolished privileges by birth; equality before law (1 mark).

  2. Secured right to property (1 mark).

  3. Introduced uniform laws, standard weights and measures, efficient administration (1 mark).

  4. Spread these reforms to conquered regions (Italy, Germany, Poland, etc.) (1 mark).

  5. Created awareness of nationalism and liberalism (1 mark).

Q3. Discuss the role of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi in the unification of Italy. (5 Marks)
Answer (Marking Scheme):

  • Mazzini:

  1. Founded Young Italy (1831) and Young Europe (1 mark).

  2. Spread ideas of democracy, liberty, and nationalism (1 mark).

  3. Inspired Italians to fight for independence from foreign rule (1 mark).

  • Garibaldi:

  1. Organized military group “Red Shirts” (1 mark).

  2. Liberated Sicily and Naples; merged them with Kingdom of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II (1 mark).

Q4. “The process of German unification was carried out with the help of ‘blood and iron’.” Justify with reference to Otto von Bismarck. (5 Marks)
Answer (Marking Scheme):

  1. Otto von Bismarck, Prussian Chancellor, followed the policy of ‘blood and iron’ (1 mark).

  2. Danish War (1864): Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark; annexed Schleswig and Holstein (1 mark).

  3. Austro-Prussian War (1866): Prussia defeated Austria; North German Confederation formed (1 mark).

  4. Franco-Prussian War (1870–71): Defeated France; southern German states joined (1 mark).

  5. Proclamation of German Empire (1871) at Versailles; unification achieved under Kaiser William I (1 mark).

Q5. Explain the main features of Romanticism and how it contributed to the rise of nationalism in Europe. (3 Marks)
Answer (Marking Scheme):

  1. Romanticism glorified culture, traditions, folk art, and language (1 mark).

  2. Artists, poets, and musicians (like Grimm Brothers) promoted national identity (1 mark).

  3. Created a sense of pride and belonging among common people, leading to nationalism (1 mark).

Q6. What was the impact of the Vienna Congress (1815) on the political map of Europe? (3 Marks)
Answer (Marking Scheme):

  1. Restored monarchies in France, Austria, Spain, Italy (1 mark).

  2. German Confederation of 39 states created under Austrian influence (1 mark).

  3. Conservatism strengthened; suppressed nationalism and liberalism (1 mark).

Q7. Describe the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 in Europe and their impact on nationalism. (5 Marks)
Answer (Marking Scheme):

  1. 1830 Revolution in France: Louis Philippe became constitutional monarch (1 mark).

  2. Belgium gained independence from Netherlands (1 mark).

  3. 1848 Revolutions: France became republic again; revolts in Germany, Italy, Austria (1 mark).

  4. Demands for liberty, equality, national unification, and freedom from monarchy (1 mark).

  5. Though crushed, they spread liberalism and nationalism across Europe (1 mark).

Q8. How did the idea of a nation-state develop in Britain, despite the absence of revolutions like France or Germany? (5 Marks)
Answer (Marking Scheme):

  1. Gradual parliamentary process (no violent revolution) (1 mark).

  2. Act of Union (1707) unified England and Scotland; created United Kingdom of Great Britain (1 mark).

  3. Irish rebellion suppressed; Ireland forcibly included (1 mark).

  4. Symbols of nation – Union Jack, national anthem, centralized Parliament (1 mark).

  5. Dominance of English language and culture shaped British nation-state (1 mark).


📘 History – Chapter 2: Nationalism in India

Q1. Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the following movements: (5 Marks)
(a) Champaran (1917)

  • Gandhiji supported indigo farmers against oppressive planters.

  • Secured agreement for compensation and fairer cultivation. (1 mark)

(b) Kheda (1917)

  • In Gujarat, peasants suffered crop failure but government insisted on tax.

  • Gandhiji’s satyagraha → revenue suspended. (1 mark)

(c) Ahmedabad (1918)

  • Mill workers demanded better wages.

  • Gandhiji used hunger strike → settlement raised wages. (1 mark each, total 5)

Q2. What were the causes of the Rowlatt Act (1919)? How did Gandhiji respond to it? (3 Marks)

  1. British feared political unrest after WWI → passed Act to curb freedoms. (1 mark)

  2. Allowed arrest without trial, detention, censorship of press. (1 mark)

  3. Gandhiji opposed it, called it “Black Act,” launched nationwide hartal & satyagraha. (1 mark)

Q3. Describe the events and significance of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919). (3 Marks)

  1. On 13 April, peaceful gathering at Amritsar against Rowlatt Act. (1 mark)

  2. General Dyer ordered open fire without warning → hundreds killed. (1 mark)

  3. Shook Indians, broke trust in British, strengthened nationalist movement. (1 mark)

Q4. Why was the Khilafat Movement launched? How did it merge with the Non-Cooperation Movement? (3 Marks)

  1. Khilafat launched by Ali brothers to protest harsh treaty on Ottoman Sultan (Caliph). (1 mark)

  2. Gandhiji saw it as opportunity for Hindu–Muslim unity. (1 mark)

  3. Merged with Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, mobilising masses. (1 mark)

Q5. Explain the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) – its programme, participation of social groups, and results. (5 Marks)

  1. Programme: Boycott foreign goods, schools, councils; promote khadi, swadeshi, national education. (1 mark)

  2. Participation: Students, teachers, peasants, workers, traders, Muslims & Hindus. (1 mark)

  3. Results: Widespread nationalist awakening, economic impact on British. (1 mark)

  4. Spread to villages; peasants refused revenue, liquor shops picketed. (1 mark)

  5. Suspended in 1922 after Chauri Chaura violent incident. (1 mark)

Q6. Describe the events leading to the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930). (5 Marks)

  1. Simon Commission (1927): Rejected as “white commission.” (1 mark)

  2. Nehru Report (1928): Demanded dominion status; rejected by British. (1 mark)

  3. Lahore Session (1929): Congress declared Purna Swaraj. (1 mark)

  4. Salt March (1930): Gandhiji marched 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi. (1 mark)

  5. Broke salt law → start of Civil Disobedience Movement. (1 mark)

Q7. “The Salt March was both a symbolic act and a mass movement.” Explain. (3 Marks)

  1. Symbolic: Salt – essential for all, taxed heavily by British. (1 mark)

  2. Act of defiance against unjust colonial rule. (1 mark)

  3. Mass Movement: Peasants, workers, women, students joined protests nationwide. (1 mark)

Q8. Analyse the role of different social groups in the Civil Disobedience Movement. (5 Marks)

  1. Peasants: Refused to pay rent & taxes; demanded reduction of revenue. (1 mark)

  2. Tribals: Demanded forest rights; opposed colonial forest laws. (1 mark)

  3. Industrial workers: Boycotted foreign goods; went on strikes in textile mills. (1 mark)

  4. Women: Participated in picketing liquor shops, making salt, processions. (1 mark)

  5. Middle class & business groups also supported financially. (1 mark)

Q9. Explain the role of business classes and industrialists in India’s freedom struggle during the 1920s–30s. (3 Marks)

  1. Saw freedom as path to economic growth without colonial restrictions. (1 mark)

  2. Organizations like FICCI supported Congress programmes. (1 mark)

  3. Provided funds for nationalist activities, swadeshi campaigns. (1 mark)

Q10. How did the sense of collective belonging develop among Indians during the national movement? Mention any three methods. (3 Marks)

  1. Symbols like national flag with charkha created identity. (1 mark)

  2. Songs, folklore, history (like Bharat Mata image) revived unity. (1 mark)

  3. Gandhiji spread message of one nation, one struggle. (1 mark)


🌍 Geography – Chapter 1: Resources and Development

Q1. Define resource. Give two examples each of renewable and non-renewable resources. (2 Marks)

  • Definition: Anything available in the environment which can be used to satisfy human needs, provided it is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable. (1 mark)

  • Examples:

    • Renewable: Solar energy, forests.

    • Non-renewable: Coal, petroleum. (1 mark)

Q2. What is land use pattern? Mention two factors influencing it. (2 Marks)

  • Land use pattern: Utilisation of land for different purposes like agriculture, forestry, grazing, settlements, industries, etc. (1 mark)

  • Factors: (any two – physical & human) → topography, soil, climate, population density, technology, traditions. (1 mark)

Q3. What is alluvial soil? Why is it agriculturally important? (2 Marks)

  • Alluvial soil: Formed by deposition of rivers; found in Indo-Gangetic plains. (1 mark)

  • Importance: Fertile, rich in potash, phosphoric acid, lime → ideal for crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane. (1 mark)

Q4. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources with examples. (3 Marks)

  1. Renewable: Replenish naturally, inexhaustible (e.g. solar energy, forests). (1 mark)

  2. Non-renewable: Limited stock, exhaustible, may take millions of years to form (e.g. coal, petroleum). (1 mark)

  3. Main difference: Renewal capacity (renewable = continuous, non-renewable = finite). (1 mark)

Q5. Why is resource planning necessary in India? Give three reasons. (3 Marks)

  1. Resources are unequally distributed (Jharkhand → minerals; Punjab → agriculture). (1 mark)

  2. Overuse of resources → land degradation, deforestation, pollution. (1 mark)

  3. Future needs require sustainable development and balanced growth. (1 mark)

Q6. Explain any three methods of soil conservation practiced in India. (3 Marks)

  1. Contour ploughing: Ploughing along contour lines → reduces runoff. (1 mark)

  2. Terrace farming: Steps on hill slopes → checks soil erosion. (1 mark)

  3. Afforestation / shelter belts: Planting trees → bind soil and prevent erosion. (1 mark)

Q7. What are the different types of land resources in India? Describe them. (5 Marks)

  1. Forests (cover about 22% of land). (1 mark)

  2. Net sown area (cultivated land). (1 mark)

  3. Permanent pastures and grazing land. (1 mark)

  4. Land for non-agricultural uses (buildings, roads, industries). (1 mark)

  5. Barren and unculturable land. (1 mark)

Q8. Explain the main causes of land degradation in India and suggest measures to prevent it. (5 Marks)

  • Causes:

    1. Deforestation.

    2. Overgrazing.

    3. Over-irrigation (waterlogging, salinity).

    4. Mining & quarrying.

    5. Industrial effluents. (½ mark each)

  • Measures:

    1. Afforestation.

    2. Controlled grazing.

    3. Proper irrigation techniques (drip, sprinklers).

    4. Mining laws & land reclamation.

    5. Waste treatment. (½ mark each)

Q9. Classify soils found in India and write any two features of each type. (5 Marks)

  1. Alluvial soil: Fertile, suitable for rice, wheat, sugarcane. (1 mark)

  2. Black soil: Clayey, moisture-retentive, ideal for cotton. (1 mark)

  3. Red soil: Rich in iron, poor in nitrogen → needs fertilizers. (1 mark)

  4. Laterite soil: Found in high rainfall areas, suitable for tea, coffee after manure. (1 mark)

  5. Arid soil: Sandy, saline, low humus → irrigation improves fertility. (1 mark)

🌍 Geography – Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife Resources

Q1. What is biodiversity? Give one example. (2 Marks)

  • Definition: Variety of plant and animal life found in a region. (1 mark)

  • Example: India has rich biodiversity – e.g., Western Ghats are home to tigers, elephants, and numerous plant species. (1 mark)

Q2. Define endangered species with one example. (2 Marks)

  • Definition: Species of plants/animals that are at risk of extinction. (1 mark)

  • Example: Snow leopard, Asiatic lion, Bengal tiger. (1 mark)

Q3. Name two movements started by communities to conserve forests. (2 Marks)

  • Chipko Movement (Uttarakhand). (1 mark)

  • Beej Bachao Andolan / Appiko Movement. (1 mark)

Q4. Why is biodiversity important for human life? Give three reasons. (3 Marks)

  1. Provides resources – food, fuel, fodder, medicines. (1 mark)

  2. Maintains ecological balance (oxygen, rainfall, soil fertility). (1 mark)

  3. Preserves cultural and aesthetic values (religious, heritage importance). (1 mark)

Q5. Mention any three measures adopted by the government to conserve forests and wildlife. (3 Marks)

  1. Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Prohibited hunting, created national parks/sanctuaries. (1 mark)

  2. Project Tiger (1973): To protect tigers. (1 mark)

  3. Afforestation, social forestry programmes, biosphere reserves. (1 mark)

Q6. What is the difference between reserved forests, protected forests, and unclassed forests? (3 Marks)

  1. Reserved forests: Most restricted; conservation priority; no activities without govt. approval. (1 mark)

  2. Protected forests: Limited activities like grazing allowed under supervision. (1 mark)

  3. Unclassed forests: No restrictions; owned by communities or private individuals. (1 mark)

Q7. Explain the role of community in conserving forests and wildlife. (5 Marks)

  1. Chipko Movement: Hugging trees to prevent cutting. (1 mark)

  2. Joint Forest Management (1988): Community participation in forest management. (1 mark)

  3. Villagers protect sacred groves, sacred trees as part of tradition. (1 mark)

  4. Tribal practices like shifting cultivation now integrated with conservation. (1 mark)

  5. Local NGOs promote sustainable forest use. (1 mark)

Q8. Describe the classification of forests and wildlife resources by the government of India. (5 Marks)

  1. Reserved forests: High protection, large share (e.g., Madhya Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir). (1 mark)

  2. Protected forests: Second largest category; grazing allowed. (1 mark)

  3. Unclassed forests: Smallest; community/private ownership (NE states, Gujarat). (1 mark)

  4. Wildlife reserves: National parks, sanctuaries (Jim Corbett, Kaziranga). (1 mark)

  5. Biosphere reserves: For maintaining biodiversity (Nilgiri, Sundarbans). (1 mark)

Q9. “The conservation of forest and wildlife resources is a collective responsibility.” Justify with suitable examples. (5 Marks)

  1. Forests and wildlife provide ecological stability, resources for all. (1 mark)

  2. Govt. introduced Wildlife Protection Act, Project Tiger, etc. (1 mark)

  3. Communities initiated Chipko, Appiko, Beej Bachao movements. (1 mark)

  4. NGOs and individuals contribute (afforestation, awareness campaigns). (1 mark)

  5. Sacred groves and traditional conservation practices show cultural responsibility. (1 mark)


🌊 Geography – Chapter 3: Water Resources

Q1. What is water scarcity? Mention two causes. (2 Marks)

  • Definition: Situation when demand for water is greater than its availability. (1 mark)

  • Causes: (any two) → Overpopulation, over-exploitation, uneven distribution, pollution, excessive irrigation. (1 mark)

Q2. Define multipurpose river valley projects. Give one example. (2 Marks)

  • Definition: Large dams constructed for multiple uses like irrigation, electricity, flood control, drinking water, navigation. (1 mark)

  • Example: Bhakra Nangal Project / Damodar Valley Project. (1 mark)

Q3. What is rainwater harvesting? Name one traditional method. (2 Marks)

  • Definition: Collecting and storing rainwater for future use. (1 mark)

  • Traditional method: Tankas in Rajasthan / Khadins in Jaisalmer / Rooftop harvesting in Shillong. (1 mark)

Q4. State three reasons for the conservation of water resources in India. (3 Marks)

  1. Unequal availability of water → some regions face scarcity. (1 mark)

  2. Increasing population and demand from agriculture & industry. (1 mark)

  3. To ensure sustainable development and prevent ecological crisis. (1 mark)

Q5. Mention any three features of traditional water harvesting systems. (3 Marks)

  1. Based on local needs and ecological conditions. (1 mark)

  2. Small storage systems like ponds, tanks, johads, stepwells. (1 mark)

  3. Rainwater collected at village level → ensured drinking water & irrigation. (1 mark)

Q6. “Multipurpose river valley projects have both advantages and disadvantages.” Explain any three. (3 Marks)

  • Advantages: Irrigation, hydroelectricity, flood control, drinking water. (any 2 points = 1 mark each)

  • Disadvantages: Displacement of people, deforestation, ecological imbalance, excessive waterlogging & salinity. (1 mark)

Q7. Explain any five reasons for water scarcity in India. (5 Marks)

  1. Uneven rainfall distribution. (1 mark)

  2. Overuse in agriculture (tube wells, canals). (1 mark)

  3. Industrialization and urbanisation. (1 mark)

  4. Pollution of rivers and groundwater. (1 mark)

  5. Population growth and lifestyle changes. (1 mark)

Q8. What is rainwater harvesting? Explain its different techniques with examples. (5 Marks)

  1. Definition: Rainwater collection & storage for future use. (1 mark)

  2. Rooftop harvesting: Rainwater collected from roofs, stored in tanks. Example: Shillong (Meghalaya). (1 mark)

  3. Surface runoff harvesting: Water collected in ponds, check dams. (1 mark)

  4. Traditional techniques: Tankas in Rajasthan, Khadins in Jaisalmer, Kuls in Himachal. (1 mark)

  5. Helps recharge groundwater, ensures sustainable water supply. (1 mark)

Q9. Explain the merits and demerits of multipurpose river valley projects in India. (5 Marks)

  • Merits:

    1. Irrigation for agriculture.

    2. Hydroelectric power generation.

    3. Flood control.

    4. Inland navigation & fish breeding.

    5. Drinking water supply. (½ mark each = 2.5 marks)

  • Demerits:

    1. Large-scale displacement of people.

    2. Submergence of forests & biodiversity loss.

    3. Waterlogging, salinity in soil.

    4. Social conflicts over distribution.

    5. Adverse impact on aquatic life. (½ mark each = 2.5 marks)


🏛️ Political Science – Chapter 1: Power Sharing

Q1. What is power sharing? Why is it important in democracy? (2 Marks)

  • Definition: Distribution of power among different organs and levels of government. (1 mark)

  • Importance: Ensures stability, prevents conflict, strengthens democracy. (1 mark)

Q2. State two differences between the situations of Belgium and Sri Lanka. (2 Marks)

  • Belgium: Dutch-speaking majority (59%), French-speaking minority (40%); both got equal representation.

  • Sri Lanka: Sinhala majority adopted majoritarian policies → neglected Tamils. (1 mark each)

Q3. Define majoritarianism. Give one example. (2 Marks)

  • Definition: A system where majority community makes rules disregarding minority interests. (1 mark)

  • Example: Sinhala government in Sri Lanka favoured Sinhalese, discriminated Tamils. (1 mark)

Q4. Explain three consequences of the Sri Lankan government’s policies towards Tamils. (3 Marks)

  1. Tamils felt alienated; denied equal opportunities. (1 mark)

  2. Demands for autonomy and recognition of Tamil language. (1 mark)

  3. Led to civil war and political instability. (1 mark)

Q5. Why is power sharing considered the very spirit of democracy? (3 Marks)

  1. Democracy = participation of all groups. (1 mark)

  2. Prevents conflict and ensures political stability. (1 mark)

  3. Strengthens unity and national integration. (1 mark)

Q6. Distinguish between horizontal and vertical forms of power sharing. (3 Marks)

  • Horizontal: Power shared among organs of government (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary). (1 mark)

  • Vertical: Power shared at different levels (Union, State, Local). (1 mark)

  • Difference: Horizontal = same level, Vertical = different levels. (1 mark)

Q7. Explain with examples how power is shared among different organs of government in India. (5 Marks)

  1. Legislature makes laws. (1 mark)

  2. Executive implements laws. (1 mark)

  3. Judiciary interprets laws. (1 mark)

  4. Each organ checks the other → system of checks and balances. (1 mark)

  5. Example: Supreme Court can declare parliamentary laws unconstitutional. (1 mark)

Q8. Compare the ethnic problems of Belgium and Sri Lanka and explain the solutions adopted. (5 Marks)

  • Belgium:

    1. Tensions between Dutch and French communities. (1 mark)

    2. Adopted power-sharing – equal ministers, separate govt. for Brussels. (1 mark)

  • Sri Lanka:
    3. Sinhala majority imposed their language/religion on Tamils. (1 mark)
    4. Tamils demanded autonomy; led to civil war. (1 mark)

  • Comparison: Belgium solved through accommodation, Sri Lanka through majoritarianism (failed). (1 mark)

Q9. Describe the four different forms of power sharing in modern democracies with suitable examples. (5 Marks)

  1. Among different organs – Legislature, Executive, Judiciary (India). (1 mark)

  2. Among governments at different levels – Union, State, Local (India = federalism). (1 mark)

  3. Among social groups – Religious/linguistic minorities get representation (Community govt. in Belgium). (1 mark)

  4. Among political parties/pressure groups – Coalition governments, multiparty system (India, Europe). (1 mark)

  5. Ensures accommodation of diverse interests, prevents conflict. (1 mark)


🏛️ Political Science – Chapter 2: Federalism

Q1. Define federalism in simple terms. (2 Marks)

  • Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units (states/provinces). (2 marks or 1+1 if example is given)

Q2. Name the threefold distribution of legislative powers in India. (2 Marks)

  • Union List. (1 mark)

  • State List. (1 mark)

  • Concurrent List.

Q3. Give one difference between a federal and a unitary system of government. (2 Marks)

  • Federal: Power divided between central and state governments (e.g., India, USA). (1 mark)

  • Unitary: Power concentrated in central government (e.g., UK). (1 mark)

Q4. Mention three key features of a federal government. (3 Marks)

  1. Two or more levels of government. (1 mark)

  2. Division of powers by Constitution. (1 mark)

  3. Independent judiciary to settle disputes. (1 mark)

Q5. How does the judiciary play an important role in the Indian federal system? (3 Marks)

  1. Interprets Constitution and ensures proper division of powers. (1 mark)

  2. Acts as guardian of Fundamental Rights. (1 mark)

  3. Resolves disputes between Union and States. (1 mark)

Q6. Write three ways in which language policy has strengthened federalism in India. (3 Marks)

  1. No single language imposed; Hindi recognized as official but not compulsory. (1 mark)

  2. 21 other languages recognized in 8th Schedule. (1 mark)

  3. States given freedom to promote their own languages. (1 mark)

Q7. Explain how the Constitution of India divides powers between the Union and State governments. (5 Marks)

  1. Union List: Subjects of national importance like defense, foreign affairs (exclusive to Union). (1 mark)

  2. State List: Matters of state/local importance like police, agriculture (exclusive to States). (1 mark)

  3. Concurrent List: Subjects of common interest like education, forest, marriage laws (shared). (1 mark)

  4. Residuary powers: Anything not in three lists goes to Union (e.g., IT sector). (1 mark)

  5. Clear constitutional division ensures balance. (1 mark)

Q8. Describe the significance of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in strengthening decentralisation in India. (5 Marks)

  1. 73rd Amendment (1992): Established Panchayati Raj system in villages. (1 mark)

  2. 74th Amendment (1992): Created municipalities for urban areas. (1 mark)

  3. Provided reservation for SCs, STs, OBCs, women. (1 mark)

  4. Local bodies empowered to make decisions on development, health, sanitation. (1 mark)

  5. Deepened democracy and ensured grassroots participation. (1 mark)

Q9. “Federalism has succeeded in India because of the nature of democratic politics.” Justify with examples. (5 Marks)

  1. India adapted federalism with flexibility → strong centre + strong states. (1 mark)

  2. Rise of regional parties strengthened federal spirit. (1 mark)

  3. Coalition governments → states get more voice in national politics. (1 mark)

  4. Linguistic reorganisation of states promoted unity. (1 mark)

  5. Example: Policies like GST Council show cooperative federalism. (1 mark)


📊 Economics – Chapter 1: Development

Q1. Define Per Capita Income. (2 Marks)

  • The average income of a country, calculated by dividing the national income (GDP) by the total population. (2 marks)

Q2. Mention any two limitations of using income as the only criterion for development. (2 Marks)

  1. Ignores distribution of income (inequality). (1 mark)

  2. Does not reflect quality of life (health, education, environment). (1 mark)

Q3. What are public facilities? Give one example. (2 Marks)

  • Facilities provided by government for welfare of society at large. (1 mark)

  • Example: Education, health, transport, sanitation, safe drinking water. (1 mark)

Q4. Distinguish between developed and developing countries on the basis of per capita income. (3 Marks)

  1. Developed countries: High per capita income, better standard of living. (1 mark)

  2. Developing countries: Low per capita income, poverty, poor infrastructure. (1 mark)

  3. Example: USA (developed) vs India (developing). (1 mark)

Q5. Why is sustainable development important? Give three reasons. (3 Marks)

  1. Resources are limited and exhaustible. (1 mark)

  2. Overuse may harm environment and future generations. (1 mark)

  3. Balance between economic growth and ecological stability is essential. (1 mark)

Q6. Explain with examples how development goals may be common, different, or conflicting. (3 Marks)

  1. Common: All want better income, healthcare, education. (1 mark)

  2. Different: Urban youth wants jobs, farmer wants irrigation. (1 mark)

  3. Conflicting: Industrialist wants dams for power, tribal people may oppose displacement. (1 mark)

Q7. “Income alone cannot be the indicator of development.” Explain with examples. (5 Marks)

  1. Income shows only monetary value, not quality of life. (1 mark)

  2. Two countries may have same per capita income but different health/education levels. (1 mark)

  3. Example: Kerala (better health/education) vs Haryana (higher income but gender inequality). (1 mark)

  4. Life expectancy, literacy, infant mortality must also be considered. (1 mark)

  5. Therefore, human development indicators are more reliable. (1 mark)

Q8. What is the Human Development Report (HDR)? Explain the main indicators used in it. (5 Marks)

  1. Published annually by UNDP to compare countries. (1 mark)

  2. Ranks countries on Human Development Index (HDI). (1 mark)

  3. Indicators:

    • Per capita income (economic). (1 mark)

    • Literacy rate/years of schooling (educational). (1 mark)

    • Life expectancy at birth (health). (1 mark)

Q9. Explain the concept of sustainable development. Suggest any three steps to achieve it in India. (5 Marks)

  • Concept: Development that meets needs of present without compromising ability of future generations to meet theirs. (2 marks)

  • Steps (any three):

    1. Use renewable energy sources (solar, wind).

    2. Afforestation and conservation of forests.

    3. Waste management and recycling.

    4. Reducing use of fossil fuels.

    5. Water harvesting & efficient irrigation. (1 mark each)


📊 Economics – Chapter 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy

Q1. Name the three sectors of the Indian economy with one example each. (2 Marks)

  • Primary sector: Agriculture, fishing, mining. (1 mark)

  • Secondary sector: Manufacturing industries (cotton textile, steel). (1 mark)

  • Tertiary sector: Services like banking, transport, education. (extra, no mark deduction)

Q2. Define disguised unemployment with one suitable example. (2 Marks)

  • More workers are employed than actually required → productivity does not increase. (1 mark)

  • Example: Agriculture, where 5 people work but only 3 are needed. (1 mark)

Q3. Give two examples each of organized and unorganized sector workers. (2 Marks)

  • Organized: Government teacher, bank employee. (1 mark)

  • Unorganized: Agricultural labourer, domestic worker. (1 mark)

Q4. Why is the tertiary sector becoming more important in India? Explain any three reasons. (3 Marks)

  1. Development of agriculture and industry increases demand for services (transport, trade). (1 mark)

  2. Rising income → demand for education, health, tourism, IT. (1 mark)

  3. Information technology and communication sector growth. (1 mark)

Q5. Write three differences between organized and unorganized sectors. (3 Marks)

  1. Organized: Registered by govt., fixed working hours, job security. (1 mark)
    Unorganized: Not registered, irregular hours, no job security.

  2. Organized: Workers get benefits like pension, medical, leave. (1 mark)
    Unorganized: No such benefits.

  3. Organized: Examples → banks, govt. offices. (1 mark)
    Unorganized: Small shops, construction work.

Q6. Explain any three ways to protect workers in the unorganized sector. (3 Marks)

  1. Fix minimum wages, timely payment. (1 mark)

  2. Provide social security (health, pension, insurance). (1 mark)

  3. Protect against exploitation through legal measures. (1 mark)

Q7. Distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of the economy with examples. (5 Marks)

  1. Primary: Uses natural resources (agriculture, fishing, mining). (1 mark)

  2. Secondary: Converts raw material into goods (industries). (1 mark)

  3. Tertiary: Provides services to support production (banking, transport). (1 mark)

  4. Interdependence: Primary provides raw material, secondary processes, tertiary distributes. (1 mark)

  5. Example: Wheat → flour mill → bread distribution by shops. (1 mark)

Q8. Explain the role of MGNREGA in providing employment opportunities in India. (5 Marks)

  1. Launched in 2005 as a social security scheme. (1 mark)

  2. Provides 100 days guaranteed wage employment to rural households. (1 mark)

  3. At least one-third jobs reserved for women. (1 mark)

  4. Focus on unskilled manual work (roads, canals, ponds, wells). (1 mark)

  5. Helps reduce rural unemployment and poverty. (1 mark)

Q9. “Public sector plays a vital role in the development of a country.” Justify with suitable arguments. (5 Marks)

  1. Provides essential services at low cost (education, health, transport). (1 mark)

  2. Ensures welfare over profit motive. (1 mark)

  3. Creates infrastructure → roads, dams, power, irrigation. (1 mark)

  4. Protects weaker sections by subsidies and employment. (1 mark)

  5. Contributes to balanced regional development. (1 mark)


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