9th Class Answers of Worksheet - 01

Author - APEX RESEARCH CENTRE
September 15, 2025
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History Class 9 – Chapter 1 (French Revolution) and Chapter 2 (Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution) questions.
Now I’ll give you detailed, CBSE-style answers with complete explanation.

I’ll structure answers as per marking scheme (2 marks = short but accurate; 3 marks = 3 clear points; 5 marks = full explanation, 5 points).

📘 Chapter 1 – The French Revolution

2 Marks Questions

1. Who formed the Third Estate in France?

  • The Third Estate was formed by common people: peasants, landless labourers, artisans, small farmers.

  • It also included the middle class such as merchants, lawyers, teachers, and businessmen (bourgeoisie).

2. What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath (1789)?

  • Members of the Third Estate, along with some nobles and clergy, swore not to separate until they had drafted a new Constitution for France.

  • This marked the beginning of the French Revolution and challenged the absolute monarchy.

3. Name any two philosophers who inspired the French Revolution.

  • Jean Jacques Rousseau – advocated popular sovereignty and democracy.

  • Montesquieu – promoted separation of powers.
    (Other acceptable: Voltaire, John Locke.)

3 Marks Questions

1. Mention three main features of the French Constitution of 1791.

  • It limited the powers of the monarch.

  • Powers were divided among legislature, executive, and judiciary (separation of powers).

  • Only tax-paying men above 25 years (active citizens) had the right to vote.

2. Why did women participate actively in the French Revolution?

  • Women suffered from economic hardship due to rising prices of bread.

  • They demanded political rights (right to vote, hold office).

  • They demanded equality in education and professions.

3. Explain any three privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobility before 1789.

  • Exemption from taxes – they did not pay taille (land tax).

  • Collection of feudal dues from peasants.

  • High positions in administration, army, and Church were reserved for them.

5 Marks Questions

1. Explain the causes of the French Revolution of 1789.

  • Social Inequality: 1st Estate (clergy) & 2nd Estate (nobility) enjoyed privileges; 3rd Estate bore taxes.

  • Economic Crisis: France faced financial bankruptcy due to wars and lavish court expenses.

  • Burden of Taxes: Peasants had to pay heavy taxes and feudal dues.

  • Enlightenment Ideas: Philosophers like Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu spread ideas of liberty, equality, democracy.

  • Inspiration from Abroad: The success of the American Revolution encouraged French people.

2. What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? Why was it important?

  • Adopted in August 1789 by the National Assembly.

  • Main Provisions:

    • All men are born free and equal in rights.

    • Rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression guaranteed.

    • Freedom of speech, press, and religion.

    • Sovereignty rests with people, not king.

  • Importance: It became the basis of democracy, ended feudal privileges, and inspired human rights movements globally.

3. Explain the Reign of Terror under Robespierre and its effects on France.

  • Period: 1793–1794 during rule of Jacobins under Maximilien Robespierre.

  • Policies:

    • Harsh laws against enemies of the revolution.

    • Thousands executed by guillotine (including nobles & even revolutionaries).

    • Prices of essential goods fixed; rationing of bread.

    • Farmers forced to sell grain at fixed prices.

    • Use of ‘Citizen’ and ‘Madame’ instead of Sir/Madam.

  • Effects:

    • Atmosphere of fear and suspicion.

    • Robespierre became unpopular; executed in 1794.

    • Jacobin government fell; power shifted to wealthier middle class.

📘 Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

2 Marks Questions

1. Who were the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?

  • Bolsheviks: Radical socialists led by Lenin, demanded immediate revolution.

  • Mensheviks: Moderate socialists, wanted gradual change through parliamentary reforms.

2. What was the Duma in Russia?

  • The Duma was the Russian Parliament, created after the 1905 Revolution.

  • It was meant to limit the Tsar’s power but remained weak and often dismissed.

3. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party?

  • Vladimir Lenin

3 Marks Questions

1. Explain three differences between liberals and radicals in 19th-century Europe.

  • Liberals: Wanted constitutional monarchy; Radicals: Wanted full democracy/republic.

  • Liberals: Supported private property rights; Radicals: Wanted redistribution of property.

  • Liberals: Favoured limited voting rights (for property owners); Radicals: Wanted universal suffrage.

2. State three demands of the workers that led to the 1905 Revolution in Russia.

  • Reduction in working hours (from 14 to 8 hours).

  • Increase in wages.

  • Improvement in working and living conditions.

3. Write any three immediate effects of the February Revolution (1917).

  • Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne.

  • Formation of a Provisional Government.

  • Political prisoners released; parties and newspapers legalized.

5 Marks Questions

1. Describe the social, economic, and political conditions in Russia before 1905.

  • Social:

    • Nobility, clergy, and landlords enjoyed privileges.

    • Peasants faced poverty and oppression.

    • Workers had long hours and low wages.

  • Economic:

    • Limited industrial development, outdated farming.

    • Famines and food shortages common.

    • Heavy taxation on peasants.

  • Political:

    • Absolute monarchy under Tsar Nicholas II.

    • No constitution or parliament (till 1905).

    • Oppression of dissent, no freedom of speech/press.

2. Explain the main events of the October Revolution (1917) and its outcomes.

  • Events:

    • Workers and soldiers revolted under Bolsheviks.

    • On 24–25 October, Red Guards captured Winter Palace in Petrograd.

    • Provisional Government overthrown.

  • Outcomes:

    • Russia became a socialist state.

    • Land distributed to peasants.

    • Industries and banks nationalized.

    • Russia withdrew from World War I.

    • First communist government established under Lenin.

3. How did the Russian Revolution of 1917 affect the world? Give five points.

  • Inspired socialist movements across the world.

  • Led to the formation of the USSR.

  • Encouraged workers’ rights and trade unions globally.

  • Influenced freedom struggles in colonial countries like India, China, Vietnam.

  • Created ideological division between capitalism and socialism, shaping 20th-century world politics.

 

  • 2 Marks = 2 points

  • 3 Marks = 3 points

  • 5 Marks = 5 points with explanation

🌍 Geography

Chapter 1 – India: Size and Location

2 Marks

1. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India?

  • Latitudinal extent: 8°4′N to 37°6′N.

  • Longitudinal extent: 68°7′E to 97°25′E.

2. Name the countries that share land boundaries with India.

  • Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar.

3. Why is the Indian Ocean named after India?

  • India has the longest coastline in the Indian Ocean.

  • Its central location gives it a commanding position over the ocean routes.

3 Marks

1. Advantages of India’s central location:

  • Links East Asia with West Asia and Europe.

  • Provides easy access to Africa, South-East Asia, and the Middle East.

  • Facilitates trade and cultural exchanges.

2. Why are land routes more significant than maritime routes?

  • Land routes existed since ancient times, connecting India with the world.

  • Spread of religions, culture, science, and trade through land.

  • Cheaper and shorter compared to long sea voyages.

3. Effects of India’s location:

  • India became a centre of trade in the Indian Ocean.

  • Its centrality allowed cultural exchange (Buddhism, art, architecture).

  • Influenced strategic and political importance in Asia.

5 Marks

1. Importance of India’s central location:

  • Acts as a bridge between East and West.

  • Provides strategic access to Indian Ocean routes.

  • Boosts trade with Africa, Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

  • Cultural contacts since ancient times.

  • Modern geo-political importance.

2. India’s land routes and exchange of ideas:

  • Ancient silk route connected India with Central Asia and Europe.

  • Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism to China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

  • Trade in spices, textiles, precious stones.

  • Arrival of Greek, Persian, and Arab ideas to India.

  • Exchange of scientific knowledge, numerals, astronomy.

3. How India’s location helped in cultural & economic contacts:

  • Its centrality encouraged sea and land trade.

  • Cultural links with China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Europe.

  • Spread of Indian art, architecture, and religion abroad.

  • Economic prosperity through textiles, spices, handicrafts.

  • Today, India is a strategic hub in Asia.

Chapter 2 – Physical Features of India

2 Marks

1. What are tectonic plates?

  • Large pieces of the Earth’s crust that float over the molten mantle.

2. Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas.

  • Himadri (Greater Himalaya), Himachal (Middle Himalaya), Shiwalik (Outer Himalaya).

3. Which two divisions form the Northern Plains?

  • Bhabar and Terai (also Khadar and Bhangar are subdivisions).

3 Marks

1. Himalayan vs Peninsular rivers:

  • Himalayan: Perennial; Peninsular: Seasonal.

  • Himalayan: Long, meandering; Peninsular: Short, straight.

  • Himalayan: Form deltas; Peninsular: Form estuaries.

2. Features of Peninsular Plateau:

  • Oldest landmass, formed of igneous & metamorphic rocks.

  • Rich in minerals.

  • Uneven surface with hills & plateaus.

3. Significance of coastal plains:

  • Provide ports and harbours for trade.

  • Fertile soil → agriculture (rice, coconut, spices).

  • Support fishing and tourism industries.

5 Marks

1. Major physiographic divisions of India:

  • The Himalayas

  • The Northern Plains

  • The Peninsular Plateau

  • The Indian Desert

  • The Coastal Plains

  • The Islands

2. Himalayas – divisions & importance:

  • Himadri: Highest peaks, glaciers, perennial rivers.

  • Himachal: Valleys, hill stations, fertile lands.

  • Shiwalik: Foothills, forests, agriculture.

  • Importance: Climate barrier, source of rivers, biodiversity, defence.

3. Northern Plains – formation, divisions, significance:

  • Formation: Deposited by Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra rivers.

  • Divisions: Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar, Khadar.

  • Significance: Fertile soil, food bowl of India, dense population, transport network.

4. Peninsular Plateau & Islands:

  • Plateau: Deccan Plateau, Malwa Plateau, Chotanagpur Plateau.

  • Rich in minerals & resources.

  • Islands: Andaman–Nicobar (strategic, biodiversity), Lakshadweep (coral, tourism).

  • Importance: Economy, culture, defence, tourism.

Chapter 3 – Drainage

2 Marks

1. Define drainage basin.

  • The area drained by a river and its tributaries.

2. East & west flowing rivers:

  • East-flowing: Godavari, Krishna.

  • West-flowing: Narmada, Tapi.

3. Important lakes:

  • Natural: Wular Lake.

  • Artificial: Gobind Sagar.

3 Marks

1. Characteristics of Himalayan rivers:

  • Perennial (fed by snow + rain).

  • Large basins, meandering course.

  • Ideal for irrigation and hydropower.

2. East vs West flowing rivers:

  • East → Bay of Bengal; West → Arabian Sea.

  • East → Form deltas; West → Form estuaries.

  • East → Long; West → Short.

3. Importance of rivers for economy:

  • Irrigation & agriculture.

  • Hydropower & industry.

  • Transport & drinking water.

5 Marks

1. Compare Himalayan & Peninsular rivers:

  • Himalayan: Perennial, long, alluvial plains.

  • Peninsular: Seasonal, short, rocky beds.

  • Himalayan: Deltas; Peninsular: Estuaries.

  • Himalayan: Meandering; Peninsular: Straight.

  • Himalayan: Origin from glaciers; Peninsular: Origin from Western/Eastern Ghats.

2. Importance of lakes:

  • Store water, regulate flow.

  • Irrigation & drinking water.

  • Hydropower generation.

  • Tourism & recreation.

  • Maintain ecological balance.

3. Significance of rivers (economy & culture):

  • Irrigation for agriculture.

  • Hydropower production.

  • Transport of goods/people.

  • Industries (cotton, jute, sugar).

  • Cultural importance (holy rivers).

4. Drainage patterns:

  • Dendritic → tree-like (Ganga).

  • Trellis → rectangular (Narmada).

  • Radial → from central peak (Amarnath).

  • Rectangular → faulted regions (Vindhya ranges).

🏛️ Civics

Chapter 1 – What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

2 Marks

1. Define democracy in simple words.

  • Government of the people, by the people, for the people.

2. Example of democratic & non-democratic country:

  • Democratic: India.

  • Non-democratic: Saudi Arabia/North Korea.

3. Features of democracy:

  • Free & fair elections.

  • Equality before law.

4. Arguments against democracy:

  • Decision-making is slow.

  • Risk of corruption or misuse of money.

3 Marks

1. Democracy vs Dictatorship:

  • Democracy = elected rulers; Dictatorship = single leader/army rule.

  • Democracy = rights guaranteed; Dictatorship = no rights.

  • Democracy = rule of law; Dictatorship = rule by force.

2. Broader aspects of democracy:

  • Ensures equality and justice.

  • Protects fundamental rights.

  • Promotes participation and accountability.

3. Why govt of discussion?

  • Decisions taken by debate and consent.

  • Different opinions respected.

  • Prevents misuse of power.

4. Reasons why elections are essential:

  • Ensure accountability of govt.

  • Provide choice to people.

  • Peaceful transfer of power.

5 Marks

1. Features of democracy (with examples):

  • Free & fair elections (India).

  • Fundamental rights (USA).

  • Equality before law (South Africa).

  • Accountability of rulers (UK).

  • Independent judiciary (India).

2. Why democracy better than other forms:

  • Protects rights.

  • People’s participation.

  • Peaceful transfer of power.

  • Provides stability.

  • More accountable.

3. Demerits of democracy:

  • Slow decision-making.

  • Corruption & money power in elections.

  • Instability due to frequent elections.

  • Sometimes uneducated voters misled.

  • Risk of bad leaders.

4. “Democracy is more than just elections” – Explain:

  • Ensures equality and justice.

  • Protects rights.

  • Promotes participation.

  • Provides transparency & accountability.

  • Builds responsible citizens.


🏛️ Civics – Chapter 2: Constitutional Design

2 Marks

1. Who was Nelson Mandela? Why is he important in South Africa’s history?

  • Nelson Mandela was the leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and a strong opponent of apartheid.

  • He became the first Black President of South Africa in 1994, symbolizing the end of racial discrimination.

2. What do you mean by apartheid?

  • Apartheid was the policy of racial segregation and discrimination against non-whites in South Africa.

  • Blacks were denied equality, rights, and freedom.

3. Mention any two features of the Indian Constitution.

  • It is a secular state (no official religion, equal respect to all).

  • It establishes a democratic system of government.

4. When was the Constitution of India adopted and enforced?

  • Adopted on 26 November 1949.

  • Enforced on 26 January 1950 (Republic Day).

3 Marks

1. Why do we need a Constitution?

  • Defines the structure and powers of government.

  • Protects fundamental rights of citizens.

  • Prevents misuse of power by limiting government authority.

2. Problems faced by South Africa before 1994:

  • Racial discrimination (whites vs blacks).

  • No political rights for blacks (no vote, no equality).

  • Economic & social inequalities – poverty, low wages, inferior education/health.

3. Functions of the Preamble:

  • Declares objectives of Constitution (justice, liberty, equality, fraternity).

  • Acts as the guiding philosophy of the Constitution.

  • Reflects the values of freedom struggle.

4. Guiding values of the Indian Constitution:

  • Liberty (freedom of thought, speech, belief).

  • Equality (equal rights before law).

  • Fraternity (unity and brotherhood among people).

5 Marks

1. Struggle against apartheid in South Africa & democracy establishment:

  • Whites discriminated against non-whites under apartheid.

  • ANC, led by Nelson Mandela, organized protests and resistance.

  • Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years.

  • In 1994, apartheid was abolished and democratic elections were held.

  • Nelson Mandela became President, marking a new era of equality.

2. Importance of the Preamble:

  • States the ideals of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity.

  • Explains the philosophy of Constitution.

  • Serves as a guiding light for governance.

  • Declares India as sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.

  • Ensures the unity and integrity of the nation.

3. Why is the Constitution a “living document”?

  • It can be amended to suit changing needs.

  • Provides both flexibility and stability.

  • Protects fundamental rights in changing society.

  • Adapts to new challenges (technology, globalization).

  • Reflects the will of the people over time.

4. How was the Indian Constitution framed?

  • Framed by Constituent Assembly (1946).

  • Drafting Committee led by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

  • Open debates and discussions for 2 years 11 months 18 days.

  • Incorporated experiences from other constitutions.

  • Adopted on 26 Nov 1949, enforced on 26 Jan 1950.

5. Guiding values of the Constitution:

  • Sovereignty – India is independent, free from external control.

  • Socialism – reduces inequality, promotes welfare.

  • Secularism – no state religion, equal respect for all.

  • Democracy – govt elected by people.

  • Republic – head of state is elected, not hereditary.

💰 Economics – Chapter 1: The Story of Village Palampur

2 Marks

1. Four factors of production:

  • Land, Labour, Capital, Entrepreneurship.

2. Why is land considered a fixed factor?

  • Land is limited in supply, cannot be increased.

3. Non-farming activities in Palampur:

  • Dairy, small-scale manufacturing, transport, shopkeeping.

4. Advantages of multiple cropping:

  • Increases production per year.

  • Ensures more income and food security.

3 Marks

1. Role of capital in farming:

  • Required for seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, and machinery.

  • Helps adopt modern methods (HYV seeds, tractors).

  • More capital = higher productivity.

2. Fixed vs Working capital:

  • Fixed capital: Land, tools, machines – used for long time.

  • Working capital: Seeds, fertilizers, money – used up in production.

  • Fixed = permanent, Working = variable.

3. Modern farming methods:

  • Use of HYV seeds.

  • Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

  • Use of machinery (tractors, tube wells).

4. How farmers arrange capital:

  • Small farmers borrow from moneylenders or traders.

  • Large farmers use savings or bank loans.

  • Some borrow from cooperatives.

5 Marks

1. “Land is fixed” – ways to increase farm production:

  • Multiple cropping (growing more than one crop in a year).

  • Modern methods – HYV seeds, fertilizers.

  • Irrigation improvements.

  • Farm machinery use.

  • Scientific farming techniques.

2. Role of non-farming activities:

  • Dairy farming – milk supply & income.

  • Transport – movement of goods & people.

  • Shopkeeping – provides daily needs.

  • Small industries – weaving, handicrafts.

  • Provides employment opportunities beyond farming.

3. Main economic activities of Palampur:

  • Farming (major activity).

  • Dairy, shopkeeping, transport, small-scale industry.

  • Shows a mixed economy – agriculture + non-agriculture.

4. Importance of transport & communication:

  • Carries goods (sugarcane, milk) to nearby markets.

  • Links Palampur with cities.

  • Improves trade and income.

  • Helps farmers sell produce.

  • Brings development & modernization.

💡 Economics – Chapter 2: People as Resource

2 Marks

1. People as resource:

  • Refers to human beings as assets who contribute to the economy by producing goods and services.

2. Economic vs non-economic activities:

  • Economic: Produces income (farming, factory work).

  • Non-economic: No income (housework, volunteering).

3. Disguised unemployment:

  • More workers engaged than actually needed → surplus labour with zero productivity.

4. Skilled vs unskilled workers:

  • Skilled = trained, educated (doctor, engineer).

  • Unskilled = no training, low skill (labourer).

3 Marks

1. How education improves human capital:

  • Increases knowledge and skills.

  • Improves productivity and efficiency.

  • Opens up better employment opportunities.

2. Types of unemployment in India:

  • Seasonal unemployment.

  • Disguised unemployment.

  • Educated unemployment.

3. Human capital vs physical capital:

  • Human capital = skills, health, education of people.

  • Physical capital = machines, tools, factories.

  • Human capital uses physical capital effectively.

4. Educated unemployment is a problem because:

  • Wastage of education and skills.

  • Creates frustration and poverty.

  • Leads to brain drain or misuse of talent.

5 Marks

1. Education & health improve living standard:

  • Skilled workers earn more.

  • Healthy people work efficiently.

  • Improves productivity.

  • Reduces poverty.

  • Increases economic growth.

2. Role of human capital in economic development:

  • Provides skilled workforce.

  • Encourages innovation.

  • Improves productivity.

  • Attracts investment.

  • Strengthens economy.

3. Economic vs non-economic activities (examples):

  • Economic: Farming, industry, trade (income-generating).

  • Non-economic: Household work, caring for family (no direct income).

  • Both are important for society.

4. Problem of unemployment in India:

  • Disguised unemployment: More workers in agriculture than required.

  • Seasonal unemployment: No work during off-season in agriculture.

  • Leads to poverty, underutilization of labour.

5. Human resource contributes to growth:

  • Doctors, teachers, engineers build society.

  • Skilled farmers improve agriculture.

  • IT professionals strengthen digital economy.

  • Entrepreneurs create jobs.

  • Healthy and educated people increase productivity.


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